Until recently, the idea of a machine tool operating in zero gravity seemed like pure science fiction. Today, however, it is becoming reality—advanced machining is making its way into space. In microgravity conditions, the first devices are being tested to manufacture mechanical parts directly in orbit. This is a technological breakthrough that could change the way crewed missions are conducted and, in the future, enable the construction of space infrastructure on distant planets.
Why machining in space?
Transporting every gram of cargo into orbit costs thousands of dollars. In emergency situations, the lack of a necessary part can endanger the crew or terminate the mission. That’s why space agencies—including NASA, ESA, and JAXA—are actively working on the concept of “orbital factories” that enable on-site part production.
Machining—alongside 3D printing—plays a crucial role because it:
- allows for the production of parts with high mechanical strength,
- enables precise repair and regeneration of existing components,
- can be used with materials that cannot be 3D printed.
NASA Experiment – The First Lathes in Orbit
In 2017, NASA, in cooperation with Made In Space, conducted the first metal machining experiments in microgravity aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The experiments included:
- milling and drilling aluminum,
- analyzing chip behavior in zero gravity,
- assessing the impact of micro-vibrations and stresses on the machining process.
Key challenges:
- no chip fall-off – waste doesn’t drop but floats in the air, potentially contaminating electronics,
- cooling without convection – zero gravity prevents natural heat dissipation,
- no stable mounting – cutting forces may cause the machine or workpiece to drift.
Solutions included enclosed work chambers with vacuum systems and magnetic and pneumatic workpiece fixtures.
Machining vs. 3D Printing – Complementary Technologies
Although 3D printing is progressing faster in space, it cannot replace machining in all cases. Components requiring high dimensional accuracy, smooth surfaces, or specific mechanical properties (e.g., seals, rotating parts, tools) will still need to be machined.
In the future, both technologies may be combined: printing + machining in a single module, known as hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing, which is already being tested on Earth by companies like DMG Mori and Mazak.
A Vision of the Future – Machine Tools on Mars and the Moon
NASA and ESA plan that, as part of the Artemis and Moon Village programs, the first crewed lunar outposts will be equipped with mobile microfactories. Their goals will be:
- producing tools and structural components from local resources (regolith),
- repairing infrastructure in harsh conditions,
- reducing transport costs of parts from Earth.
Ultimately, the same approach is to be applied during Mars missions—where autonomy from Earth will be absolutely crucial.
Chips in Space – More Than Just Metal
Although aluminum and titanium are the most commonly mentioned, research is also being conducted on machining:
- carbon composites – used in load-bearing structures,
- engineering polymers – such as PEEK, used in 3D printers in space,
- recycled materials – recovered from used mission components.
This paves the way for a circular production model in space, where every component can be turned into raw material for a new one.
Conclusion
Machining in space is not just an engineering curiosity — it’s a real direction for technological development that is already being implemented in orbital missions. While many challenges remain, the first successful NASA experiments prove that “in-orbit” production is possible. And when humanity sets foot on the Moon, Mars, or even further—lathes, milling machines, and microfactories will be there with us.
